Technical training and technical preparedness. Textbook: Structure of athletes' preparedness Psychological preparation for competitions

STRUCTURE OF ATHLETES' TRAINING

Plan

Introduction

1. Technical training and technical readiness

2. Physical training

3. Tactical training

4. Mental preparation

5. Integral preparation

Introduction

In the specialized literature, various types and varieties of training of athletes are distinguished. Generalization of disparate and relatively established opinions allows us to propose three most significant features for their general classification:

By the predominant influence on certain components of the athlete’s readiness to achieve (technical, tactical, physical, psychological, intellectual (theoretical) preparation);

By the nature of the relationship with sports specialization (general and special training);

According to the degree of connection, combination and implementation in the conditions of training and competitive activity of various aspects of preparedness, qualities and abilities (integral training).

1. Technical training and technical readiness

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete the technique of movements and bringing them to perfection.

Sports equipment- this is a way of performing a sports action, which is characterized by a certain degree of efficiency and rationality of the athlete’s use of his psychophysical capabilities.

The role of sports equipment in different sports is not the same. There are four groups of sports with their characteristic sports techniques.

Speed-strength sports (sprinting, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, etc.). In these sports, the technique is aimed at ensuring that the athlete can develop the most powerful and fastest efforts in the leading phases of a competitive exercise, for example, during take-off in running or in long and high jumps, when performing the final effort in throwing a javelin, discus, etc. .d.

Sports characterized by a predominant manifestation of endurance (long-distance running, cross-country skiing, cycling, etc.). Here the technique is aimed at economizing the consumption of energy resources in the athlete’s body.

Sports based on the art of movement (gymnastics, acrobatics, diving, etc.). The technique should provide the athlete with beauty, expressiveness and precision of movements.

Sports games and martial arts. The technique must ensure high performance, stability and variability of the athlete’s actions in the constantly changing conditions of competitive struggle. (Kuramshin Yu.F., 2003, pp. 356-357)

Under technical readiness it is necessary to understand the degree to which an athlete has mastered a system of movements (techniques of a sport) that corresponds to the characteristics of a given sport and is aimed at achieving high sports results

In the structure of technical readiness it is important to highlight:

Basic movements, these include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively carry out competitive struggle in compliance with existing rules. Mastering basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in a particular sport.

Additional movements and actions– these are secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is they who form the individual technical manner and style of the athlete.

According to the degree of mastery of techniques and actions, technical readiness is characterized by three levels:

1 - the presence of motor ideas about techniques and actions, and attempts to perform them;

2 – the emergence of motor skills;

3 – formation of motor skills.

Motor skill are distinguished by unstable and not always adequate methods of solving a motor task, significant concentration of attention when performing individual movements, and the lack of automated control of them.

The characteristic features of a motor skill, on the contrary, are the stability of movements, their reliability and automation. (Platonov, Theory of Sports, p. 144)

A sufficiently high level of technical readiness is called technical skill. The criteria for technical mastery are:

Volume of equipment - the total number of techniques that an athlete can perform.

Versatility of technology - degree of variety of technical techniques. So, in sports games this is the ratio of the frequency of using different gaming techniques.

Efficiency mastery of sports equipment is characterized by the degree of proximity of the sports technique to the individually optimal option.

Mastery movement techniques. This criterion shows how this technical action is memorized and consolidated. For well-mastered movements the following are typical:

a) stability of the sports result and a number of characteristics of the movement technique when performed under standard conditions;

b) stability (relatively small variability) of the result when performing an action (when the athlete’s condition changes, the opponent’s actions change in difficult conditions);

c) maintaining motor skills during breaks in training;

d) automation of actions.

Types, tasks, means and methods of technical training of an athlete

There are general and special technical training. General technical training is aimed at mastering a variety of motor skills and abilities necessary in sports activities.

OTP tasks:

Increase (or restore) the range of motor skills and abilities, which are a prerequisite for the formation of skills in the chosen sport.

Master the technique of exercises used as means of general physical training.

Special technical training aimed at mastering the technique of movements in the chosen sport. Her tasks:

To develop knowledge about the technique of sports activities.

Develop individual forms of movement technique that best suit the athlete’s capabilities.

Develop the skills and abilities necessary for successful participation in competitions.

Transform and update the forms of technology (to the extent that this is dictated by the laws of sports and tactical improvement).

To create new variants of sports techniques that have not been used before (for example, the “Fosbury flop” in high jumps; the shot put technique using the principle of rotation, as in discus throwing; “skating” stroke in skiing, etc.).

In the process of technical training, a complex of means and methods of sports training is used. Conventionally, they can be divided into two groups:

Means and methods of verbal, visual and sensory-corrective influence. These include:

a) conversations, explanations, stories, descriptions, etc.;

b) demonstration of the technique of the movement being studied;

c) demonstration of posters, diagrams, films, video recordings;

d) use of subject and other reference points;

e) sound and light leading;

f) various simulators, recording devices, urgent information devices.

Means and methods that are based on the athlete performing any physical exercises. In this case the following applies:

a) general preparatory exercises. They allow you to master a variety of skills and abilities that are the foundation for the growth of technical skill in your chosen sport;

b) special preparatory and competitive exercises. They are aimed at mastering the technique of their sport;

c) methods of holistic and dismembered exercise. They are aimed at mastering, correcting, consolidating and improving the technique of a holistic motor action or its individual parts, phases, elements;

d) uniform, variable, repeated, interval, game, competitive and other methods that mainly contribute to the improvement and stabilization of movement technique.

The use of these means and methods depends on the characteristics of the technique of the chosen sport, the age and qualifications of the athlete, the stages of technical training in annual and multi-year training cycles.

Stages and content of technical training in multi-year and annual training cycles

The long-term process of technical training of an athlete can be divided into 3 stages:

Basic technical training stage.

The stage of in-depth technical improvement and achievement of the highest sports and technical mastery.

3. The stage of maintaining sports and technical skills. Each stage includes stages consisting of annual cycles. For example, the first stage usually consists of 4-6 annual cycles, the second - 6-8, the third - 4-6.

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Technical readiness is characterized by the degree to which an athlete has mastered a system of movements (techniques of a sport) that corresponds to the characteristics of a given sport and ensures the achievement of high results. Technical readiness cannot be considered in isolation. It should be presented as a component of a single whole, in which technical solutions are closely interrelated with the physical, mental, tactical and other capabilities of the athlete, as well as with the specific conditions of the external environment in which the sports action is performed.

In the most general form, the level of technical readiness is determined by: the volume of techniques and actions that the athlete masters; the degree of mastery of these techniques and actions; effectiveness of technology.

Techniques and actions in modern sports are extremely diverse, their volume is constantly enriched. At the same time, the greatest technical equipment and the greatest expansion of the technical arsenal are characteristic of complex coordination sports, martial arts and sports games. It is quite natural that the more techniques and actions an athlete masters, the more prepared he is to solve complex tactical problems that arise in the process of competitive struggle, the more he is able to withstand the attacking actions of an opponent and put him in difficult positions.

Table 12

Distribution of technical actions (in %) of participants

classical wrestling competitions VII And VIII summer

Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR (A. A. Novikov and others, 1984)

Techniques		VII Spartakiad	VIII Spartakiad
Transfers to the ground		34,3	16,7
Throws over the back		12,2	7,7
Backbend throws		9,1	9,3
Stalls		7,1	6,0
Jumping		9,8	5,8
Other stand-up techniques		0,1	1,9
Roll up		17,0	40,4
Flips and deflection throws on the ground with a hyaadi torso grab and a reverse torso grab	2,2	5,3
Exits to the top		6,4	5,8
Other techniques on the ground		1,8	1,1

It should be noted that the development of sports tactics, changes in competition rules, sports equipment, etc. significantly affect the content of athletes’ technical preparedness. Thus, in classical wrestling, reducing the time of fights, increasing the demands of judges for active wrestling, etc. significantly affect the nature and correlation of motor actions of athletes (Table 12).

In the structure of an athlete’s technical preparedness, it is very important to distinguish between basic and additional movements. The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively conduct competitive struggle in compliance with existing rules. Mastering basic movements is mandatory for an athlete. Additional movements and actions are minor movements and actions that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. It is the additional movements and actions that largely determine the individual technical manner and style of the athlete. At the initial stages of long-term training, in competitions of relatively low-qualified athletes, the level of technical skill and sports result are determined primarily by the perfection of basic movements and actions; at the level of highest skill, additional movements that determine the individuality of a particular athlete can turn out to be a decisive tool in wrestling.

The effectiveness of a technique is determined by its effectiveness, stability, variability, efficiency, and minimal tactical information for the opponent.

Efficiency of technology is determined by its compliance with the tasks being solved and a high final result, compliance with the level of physical, tactical, and psychological preparedness.

Stability of technology is associated with its noise immunity, independence from competition conditions, and the athlete’s functional state. Modern training and especially competitive activity is characterized by a large number of “confounding” factors. This is active opposition from opponents, progressive fatigue, unusual refereeing style, unusual condition of competition venues, equipment, unfriendly behavior of fans, etc. An athlete’s ability to perform effective techniques and actions in difficult conditions is the main indicator of technical stability and largely determines the level of technical readiness generally.

Variability of technology determined by the athlete's ability To operational correction of motor actions depending on the conditions of competitive struggle. Experience shows that the desire of athletes to maintain the temporal, dynamic and spatial characteristics of movements in any competitive conditions does not lead to success. For example, in cyclic sports, attempts to maintain stable movement characteristics in the second half of the distance lead to a significant decrease in speed. At the same time, compensatory changes in sports technique caused by progressive fatigue make it possible to maintain or even slightly increase speed. For example, high-class swimmers at the end of the distance often increase the tempo of movements and, thanks to this, maintain high speed while the strength capabilities and distance covered in each cycle of movements decrease due to fatigue (Fig. 13)

The variability of technique is even more important in sports with constantly changing situations, an acute lack of time to perform motor actions, active opposition from opponents, etc.

An important point in technical and tactical actions in some sports is the ability of athletes to use the effect of leadership, which manifests itself in reducing the dynamic pressure on a moving body. For example, in middle-distance running, running behind the leader at a distance of 1 m from him significantly reduces resistance. This leads to a reduction in oxygen consumption by 6.5%, and total energy costs by 7.5%. The role of using the leadership effect is especially important in cycling - in team races of 100 km (road) and 4 km (track), as well as in group races on the road and track. If the amount of oxygen consumption of an athlete participating in a team race. Take it as 100%, then the oxygen consumption of the person in the second position is 65-71%, in the third 68-80%, in the fourth 70-90%. Skillful use of the leading effect significantly affects the speed of movement: the result of a team in a 4 km pursuit race usually exceeds the result of single athletes in the same race by 20 seconds or more.

Cost-effectiveness of technology characterized by the rational use of energy, time and space when performing techniques and actions. All other things being equal, the best option for motor actions is the one that is accompanied by minimal energy consumption and minimal strain on the athlete’s mental capabilities. The use of such variants of technology allows one to significantly intensify training and competitive activities. In sports games, martial arts, and complex coordination sports, an important indicator of the efficiency of technology is the ability of athletes to perform effective actions with a small amplitude and the least amount of time.

The minimum tactical information content of a technique for an opponent is an important indicator of performance in sports games and martial arts. The only technique that can be perfect in these sports is one that allows you to disguise tactical plans and act unexpectedly. Therefore, a high level of technical preparedness provides for the ability to perform movements that, on the one hand, are quite effective in terms of achieving the goal, and on the other hand, do not have clearly expressed informative details that unmask the athlete’s tactical plan.

Related information.

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical preparedness should be understood as the degree to which an athlete has mastered the technique of the movement system of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to environmental conditions. Changes in competition rules and the use of other sports equipment significantly affect the content of athletes’ technical preparedness.

The structure of technical readiness always contains so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional ones include secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate his rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of a given athlete.

Physical fitness is the capabilities of the body's functional systems. It reflects the required level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical preparedness of an athlete depends on how well he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical techniques necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Tactical tasks can be of a long-term nature (for example, participation in a series of competitions, where one of them is the main one of the season) and local, i.e. associated with participation in a separate competition, a specific fight, fight, race, swim, game. When developing a tactical plan, not only your own technical and tactical capabilities are taken into account, but also the capabilities of your teammates and opponents.

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected sides: volitional and special mental preparedness.

Volitional preparedness is associated with such qualities as determination (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (an inclination to take reasonable risks combined with thoughtful decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one’s thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may initially be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are cultivated and improved in the process of regular educational work and sports competitions.

The specificity of some sports leaves an imprint on the nature and degree of development of individual mental qualities in athletes. However, certain methodological techniques are also used to cultivate strong-willed preparedness. In practice, the following requirements serve as the basis for the method of volitional training.

1. Regularly and necessarily follow the training program and competitive guidelines.

This requirement is associated with the development of sports diligence, the habit of systematic effort and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of achieving sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the education of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving goals, self-discipline and perseverance is realized.

2. Systematically introduce additional difficulties.

This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, introducing confusing sensory-emotional factors, and complicating competitive programs.

3. Use competitions and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional demands are placed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, perseverance and courage.

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

The structure of technical readiness always contains so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Selected options for tactical actions in some cases can be practiced specifically during training sessions. The specificity of a sport is a decisive factor that determines the structure of an athlete’s tactical preparedness. Thus, when running at medium distances (800, 1500 m), a runner with a higher level of sprinting qualities will strive to slow down the entire distance in order to achieve victory with a short (100-150 m) quick finishing spurt. For a runner with a higher level of endurance, on the contrary, it is more profitable to run at a high, even pace over the entire distance and win the race thanks to a long (sometimes a third of the distance) finishing spurt. Among equal runners, the winner will be the one who can impose his tactics to overcome the distance on his opponents.

The situation is more complicated with tactical training in games and martial arts. The complexity of an athlete’s tactical actions here is determined not only by technical, functional readiness, the number of tactical actions worked out in advance, but also by the speed of decision-making and their implementation with frequent changes in competitive situations. The ability to make quick and effective decisions in conditions of lack of time, limited space, and insufficient information due to the fact that the opponent disguises his possible actions distinguishes a master from a beginner.

The effectiveness of tactical preparedness in competition between equal opponents in many sports is determined by the athlete’s ability to anticipate the competitive situation before it unfolds. The ability to do this develops during training sessions, as well as with constant analysis of competitive experience.

The activity of tactical actions during competitions is an important indicator of sportsmanship. A highly qualified athlete must be able to impose his will on his opponent during competition.

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected sides: volitional and special mental preparedness.

1. Regularly and necessarily follow the training program and competitive guidelines. This requirement is associated with the development of sports diligence, the habit of systematic effort and perseverance in overcoming difficulties, with a clear understanding of the impossibility of achieving sports peaks without the appropriate mobilization of spiritual and physical strength. On this basis, the education of purposefulness, perseverance and perseverance in achieving goals, self-discipline and perseverance is realized.
2. Systematically introduce additional difficulties. This means constantly including additional complicated motor tasks, conducting training sessions in complicated conditions, increasing the degree of risk, introducing confusing sensory-emotional factors, and complicating competitive programs.
3. Use competitions and the competitive method. The very spirit of competition in competitions increases the degree of mental tension of the athlete, which means that additional demands are placed on him: to show activity, initiative, self-control, determination, perseverance and courage.

In the structure of an athlete’s special mental preparedness, it is necessary to highlight those aspects that can be improved during sports training:

· resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;
· kinesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;
· ability for mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
· ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
· the ability to form advanced reactions and programs in the brain structures that precede real action.

The structure of an athlete’s preparedness includes technical, physical,

tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastery

athlete techniques of the movement system of a particular sport. She's tight

associated with the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete,

as well as with environmental conditions. Changes to competition rules,

the use of other spore equipment significantly affects the content

technical training of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called

basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of technical

equipment of this sport. Mastering basic movements is

mandatory for an athlete specializing in a given sport.

Additional include secondary movements and actions, elements

individual movements that do not violate his diet and at the same time

characteristic of the individual characteristics of a given athlete.

Physical fitness is the capabilities of functional systems

body. It reflects the required level of development of those physical qualities

on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

An athlete’s tactical preparedness depends on his

master the means of sports tactics (for example, those techniques

necessary for the implementation of the chosen tactics), its types (offensive,

defensive, counterattack) and forms (individual, group,

team).

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. In it you can

identify two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated

sides: strong-willed and special mental preparedness.

Volitional preparedness is associated with such qualities as determination

(clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (propensity to

reasonable risk combined with thoughtful decisions), persistence and

perseverance (ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in

achieving a goal), self-control and self-control (the ability to manage one’s

thoughts and actions under conditions of emotional arousal),

independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may be

initially inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them

educated and improved in the process of regular educational and training

work and sports competitions.

In the structure of special mental preparedness, sport should

highlight those aspects that can be improved during sports

preparation:

· resistance to stressful situations during training and

competitive activities;

· kinesthetic and visual perception of motor actions and

environment;

· ability for mental regulation of movements, ensuring

effective muscle coordination;

ability to perceive, organize and process

information under time pressure;

the ability to form operative reactions in brain structures,

programs preceding real action.