10. General physical training (GPP) is understood as a training process aimed at:

a) the formation of correct posture;
b) the harmonious development of a person;
c) for all-round development physical qualities;
d) to achieve high sports results.

11. Indicators of physical fitness include:

a) strength, speed, endurance;
b) height, weight, chest circumference;
c) blood pressure, pulse;
d) heart rate, respiratory rate.

12. The individual development of the human body throughout his life is called:

a) genesis; b) histogenesis;
c) ontogeny; d) phylogenesis.

13. Indicators of physical development include:

a) strength and flexibility; b) speed and endurance;
c) height and weight; d) agility and jumping ability.

14. Hypodynamiais the consequence:

a) decrease in human motor activity;
b) increasing human motor activity;
c) lack of vitamins in the body;
d) overeating.

15. Lack of vitamins in the human body is called:

a) avitaminosis; b) hypovitaminosis;
c) hypervitaminosis; d) bacteriosis.

16. The pulse of an adult untrained person at rest is:

a) 60–90 bpm; b) 90–150 bpm; c) 150–170 bpm; d) 170–200 bpm.

17. The dynamometer is used to measure indicators:

a) growth; b) vital capacity of the lungs;
c) willpower; d) hand strength.

18. Exercises that combine speed and strength are called:

a) general developmental; b) self-power;
c) speed-strength; d) group.

19. Learning a complex motor action should begin with mastering:

a) starting position; b) the basics of technology;
c) lead-up exercises; d) preparatory exercises.

20. C low start run:

a) short distances b) at medium distances;
c) for long distances; d) crosses.

21. Long-distance running develops:

a) flexibility; b) dexterity;
c) speed; d) endurance.

22. Cross country running is called:

a) steeplechase; b) forced march;
c) cross; d) show jumping.

23. Running shoes are called:

a) sneakers; b) pointe shoes; c) Czechs; d) spikes.

24. One way to jump high is called:

a) stepping over; b) rolling;
c) stepping over; d) flipping.

25. The dimensions of the volleyball court are:

a) 6x9 m; b) 9x12 m; c) 8x16 m; d) 9x18 m.

26. Duration of one quarter in basketball:

a) 10 minutes; b) 15 minutes; c) 20 minutes; d) 25 min.

27. The following are prohibited in basketball:

a) hand play b) kicking; c) playing under the ring; d) throws into the ring.

28. Pioneerball- leading game:

a) for basketball b) to volleyball; VC table tennis; d) football.

Right answers

1 - b; 2 - in; 3 - b; 4 - in; 5 - in; 6 - in; 7 - b; 8 - in; 9 - in; 10 - in; 11 - a; 12 - in; 13 - in; 14 - a; 15 - a; 16 - a; 17 - d; 18 - in; 19 - in; 20 - a; 21 - d; 22 - in; 23 - d; 24 - a; 25 - d; 26 - a; 27 - b; 28 - b; 29 - in; 30 - g

Form for answers to questions test task on the subject "Physical Education"

Last name, first name _________________________________ Class ____

a) the ability to accurately dose the amount of muscle effort;

b) the ability to quickly rebuild motor activity in a changing environment with the mastery of new movements;

d) the ability to technically correctly repeat a given exercise.

a) flexibility;

b) speed;

c) coordination;

d) agility.

12. The sum of movements performed by a person in the process of life is combined into the concept:

a) biological activity;

b) physical activity;

c) optimal activity;

d) physiological activity.

Mark the type of physical training that provides the greatest effect aimed at recovery.

a) regular exercise fresh air;

b) aerobics;

c) mountaineering;

d) cycling.

14. Hygiene is ...

a) the field of ecology, which studies the features of the impact of the environment on humans;

b) a set of sanitary and epidemiological laws and regulations;

c) the field of medicine that studies the influence of the external environment on human health;

d) all of the above.

15. Posture is…

a) features of the human physique;

b) the correct position of the human body at the desk;

c) the usual position of the human body when standing, walking, sitting;

d) the shape of the spine.

16. The main sources of energy for the body are:

a) proteins and minerals;

b) carbohydrates and fats;

c) fats and vitamins;

d) carbohydrates and proteins.

The lack of vitamins in the body is called:

a) avitaminosis;

b) hypovitaminosis;

c) hypervitaminosis;

d) bacteriosis.

18. Which of the following types is not included in the modern pentathlon program

a) shooting

b) fencing

c) gymnastics

d) horseback riding

19. Which of the concepts is the most capacious (including all the others):

b) system of physical education;

c) physical culture.

20. In what form exercise Is there a massage of the intervertebral discs?

a) walking

b) twine

c) throwing

d) archery

Sport is -

a) a type of social activity aimed at improving a person and

development of his physical abilities;

b) a specialized pedagogical process built on the system

physical exercises and aimed at participation in competitions;

c) this is a competitive activity, special preparation for it, as well as

interpersonal relations and norms inherent in this activity;

d) a pedagogical process aimed at the morphological and functional improvement of the human body.

What is meant by the term "means of physical culture"?

a) medicines;

b) medical examinations;

c) healing forces of nature;

d) exercise.

General physical training (GPP) is understood as a training process aimed at:

a) the formation of correct posture;

b) the harmonious development of a person;

c) for the comprehensive development of physical qualities;

d) to achieve high sports results.

To assess the physical development of a person, the following are used:

a) indicators of anthropometric measurements;

b) indicators of the level of development of physical qualities;

c) indicators of the formation of motor skills;

d) indicators of functional systems.

The result of physical training is:

a) the physical development of a person;

b) physical perfection;

c) physical fitness;

d) physical education.

Physical qualities are:

a) individual characteristics that determine the level of human motor abilities;

b) congenital (genetically inherited) morphological and functional qualities, due to which a person's physical activity is possible, manifested in expedient motor activity;

c) a complex of abilities involved in physical culture and sports, expressed in certain results;

d) motor skills and abilities inherent in a person.

27. Complete the definition: “Strength is the ability to overcome ... or resist it at the expense of ... ..”

a) internal resistance, muscle tension;

b) physical activity, muscle tension;

c) physical exercise, internal capacity;

d) external resistance, muscle effort.

As noted above, physical training in basketball is one of the most important parts of the game. sports training and is a process aimed at developing to the required level of physical qualities. Physical training is divided into general and special. Under the general physical training is understood the process of harmonious development of motor qualities that have a positive impact on the achievements in the sports activity of a basketball player and efficiency. training process. It is focused on creating a special basis necessary for the effective implementation of large volumes of work aimed at developing special motor qualities, technical and tactical training. A high level of functional readiness enables a basketball player to perform training work of a large volume and intensity, recover faster after training loads, and a variety of means improves coordination abilities and facilitates the process of building, improving technical and tactical skills by acquiring new motor skills. The corrective value of general physical training is to correct the shortcomings of the physique that impede the mastery of the rational technique of game actions.

The main means of general physical training include non-specialized exercises, among which the main place is given to general developmental exercises and exercises from other sports - cross-country running, exercises with weights, sports and outdoor games, swimming, etc. Exercises from other sports are used for general physical development according to the specifics of basketball (Lvova Yu.I., 1973, Zatsiorsky V.M., 1970).

To develop general endurance and improve health, cross-country skiing, swimming, skiing, etc. are used, to strengthen the muscular system - exercises with weights of various weights, to acquire speed - sprinting, and to develop dexterity and coordination of movements - various sports and outdoor games and exercises on gymnastic equipment. general developmental preparatory exercises with various objects (sticks, jump ropes, dumbbells, etc.) and without them, as well as on equipment and simulators, are designed for comprehensive physical development, primarily for beginners and poorly trained basketball players. With their help, mobility in the joints increases and the ability of the athlete to coordinate their movements improves. These exercises are also used to correct defects in physique and physical development. All these exercises are performed in a wide variety of conditions - in the forest, at the stadium, in specialized gymnastics halls, barbells, etc.

However, non-specialized (general physical) means of training are not rational for the special training of a basketball player. Their use in unreasonable volumes leads to the expenditure of adaptive resources of the body due to the involvement in the work of non-specialized functional systems that do not take part or are secondary in the game activity of a basketball player and do not require significant development, as a result of which the balance of the content of training effects is disturbed. These inexpedient expenditures of the body's adaptive resource, as well as training time, occur due to a corresponding decrease in the volume of special physical training means, specialized exercises, and therefore the growth of a basketball player's sportsmanship slows down and his actually achieved indicators will be lower than potentially possible.

At the highest stages of sportsmanship, as a rule, a situation develops when the level of development of both specialized (special) and non-specialized (general) qualities in an athlete reaches very high rates. Their further retention at the achieved level, and even more so an increase, is associated with the maximum mobilization of the body's resources. In this regard, in the training of highly qualified basketball players, non-specialized exercises should be a relatively small part of the overall training program, ensuring their maintenance at the required level. However, the same cannot be said about the training of low-skilled basketball players. For them, an increased volume of non-specialized exercises serves as the foundation on which it is possible to improve technical and tactical skills and special physical qualities (Zatsiorsky V.M., 1970).

In the practice of training highly qualified basketball players, one can often come across facts when in non-specialized (PPE exercises) they strive to achieve very high results, significantly exceeding the requirements. Such facts reduce the effectiveness of the training process due to the inexpedient waste of the body's adaptive resources. At the same time, the complete exclusion of general physical training means from the training of highly qualified basketball players is not advisable due to the fact that non-specialized exercises involve all components of the body without exception, which, in turn, stimulates the strengthening of these components and, consequently, the vitality of the whole organism in in general. The latter is a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the training process. Consequently, a variety of non-specialized exercises are necessary for every basketball player, but at the stages of higher sportsmanship they should act mainly as health-improving, rehabilitating means and provide motor training at the level of a non-specialized goal.

The use of non-specialized exercises in the warm-up. The specifics of the exercises used in the warm-up should correspond to the specifics of the upcoming main motor activity. This applies both to training and especially to competitions. The warm-up should contribute to the concentration of the body's reserves exactly where the most intense work is to be done. The inclusion in the warm-up of sufficiently intense non-specialized exercises (for example, long running) activates to a greater extent the functions and muscle groups, which in the main part training session will not function at high and marginal levels. In this case, the adjustment of the body occurs "at the wrong address." There is a disorientation of the body. However, this does not mean that it is necessary to completely exclude non-specialized exercises from the warm-up. They should be included in it, but only in the initial part and necessarily in relaxed (in terms of volume and intensity) modes of their implementation - a variety of exercises under such conditions will raise functional readiness of the body, prepare the muscular-ligamentous apparatus of the athlete, do not even create a temporarily unnecessary “most favored nation” regime for non-basketball-specific motor functional systems. Having achieved a general activation of the body with various and simple exercises of general physical fitness, subsequent specialized exercises with their ever-increasing intensity transform this general background into a directed activation of specialized functional systems that will have to perform hard work in the main part of the training or competition.

Introduction

1. Basics of physical training

2. Physical preparation of the athlete

3. The structure of physical training

4. General physical training

5. Special physical training

Bibliography

Introduction.

Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level of which has its own structure and its own specific features.

The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditional) physical fitness. As the level of physical training increases, its complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because neither in a day, nor in a week, a month, and sometimes even a year, it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long process of formation of motor skills and abilities, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.

General physical training creates the basis for mastering the exercises, contributes to the development motor abilities, improving overall performance. For representatives of many sports, it is the same and contributes to the development of the qualities necessary for an athlete to successfully perform in competitions.

1. Fundamentals of physical training.

Basic sports are characterized by relatively low sports results and significant mass character. At this level of achievement, training of athletes is carried out in their free time from their main activity. It takes place under the guidance of trainers of various qualifications, including trainers-instructors working on a voluntary basis. Loads are small.

Sport highest achievements associated with the desire to achieve the highest results (world records, victories at the Olympic Games, World Championships, Europe, Russia, etc.). However, the higher the achievement, the smaller the number of athletes able to reach this level (3% of the country's population aged 16-25).

The sport of high achievements can occupy a dominant position at certain periods of an athlete's life. Training is conducted under the guidance of highly qualified trainers, it uses latest achievements science and technology, large amounts of training and competitive loads are used, and athletes undergo a thorough multi-stage selection. An expert assessment shows that only 1 out of 65 people who started to study continues to study in a children's and youth sports school(DYUSSH), the standard of the master of sports in swimming is able to fulfill one person out of 34,000 trained.

Analyzing the specifics of the directions of the sports movement, scientists talk about the following main mechanism of interdependence between the mass character of sports and the level of achievements of top-qualified athletes. Sports performance that high-class athletes demonstrate, especially in popular sports, serve effective tool promotion of active physical education and sports.

Due to this, more and more participants are involved in the practice of sports activities and, consequently, the chances of identifying new talented athletes among them, who in the future will be able to raise the highest sports achievements to a new level, increase. Therefore, they conclude, the progress of each sport is based, along with other aspects, on the inseparable connection of all aspects of the sports movement.

In defining the concept of sport, we used the term "competitive activity". To explain it, we will have to specify a few more concepts.

All sports competitions are held according to certain rules, which regulate the activities of the participants. In addition, each participant sports competitions tries to achieve a certain sports result (success). To be successful, competitors must realize their abilities or competitive potential. Therefore, competitive activity in sports is a process regulated by the rules of realizing the competitive potentials of participants, each of which strives to achieve the planned result.

The general goal of sports training is the development of the spiritual and physical abilities of athletes.

The specific goal is to achieve high sports results.

Sports training is understood as a specialized pedagogical process of physical education aimed at achieving high sports results by an athlete.

Particular tasks of sports training are: strengthening the health and comprehensive physical development of an athlete, educating his moral-volitional and physical qualities, developing the necessary skills, consolidating and improving the necessary skills of the chosen sport, acquiring special knowledge in hygiene, self-control, etc.

At the moment, there are several most common classifications of sports: Matveev L.P., 1977; Keller B.C., 1986; and others. The most widely used classification of sports included in the program of the summer and winter Olympic Games:

1 - cyclic (rowing, swimming, skiing, cycling, speed skating, cross-country athletics);

2 - speed-strength (jumping, throwing, weightlifting);

3 - coordination-complex sports (sports and artistic gymnastics, figure skating skating, diving, etc.);

4 - martial arts (wrestling, boxing, etc.)

5 - sport games(football, hockey, volleyball, basketball, water polo, etc.);

6 - all-around (athletics decathlon, modern pentathlon, Nordic combined, etc.).

2. Physical preparation of the athlete.

It is aimed at the development of physical qualities and is the basis for improving technology, is divided into general and special.

OFP - creates the basis for mastering the exercises, contributes to the development of motor abilities, increasing overall performance. For representatives of many sports, it is the same and contributes to the development of the qualities necessary for an athlete to successfully perform in competitions and good physical fitness.

SFP - the basis of maintenance sportswear, quickly mastering the technique of exercises of a sport, achieving a high level functionality athlete and the ability to endure large training, as well as competitive loads. The means of special physical training are exercises of "their" kind of sport, similar in structure to competitive actions.

Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level, which has its own structure and its own specific features.

The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditional) physical fitness. As the level of physical training increases, its complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because neither in a day, nor in a week, a month, and sometimes even a year, it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long process of formation of motor skills and abilities, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.

3. The structure of physical training.

One of the leading experts in the theory sports training V.N. Platonov (1986) notes that the modern system of athlete training is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon, including goals, objectives, means, methods, organizational forms, material and technical conditions, etc., ensuring the achievement of the highest sports performance by an athlete, as well as organizational and pedagogical process of preparing an athlete for competitions.

In the system of training an athlete, there are: sports training, competitions, out-of-training and out-of-competition factors that increase the effectiveness of training and competitions.

The main aspects of an athlete's training are physical, technical, tactical, mental and integrative training.

Physical training is aimed at strengthening health, achieving a high level of physical development, and educating the physical qualities necessary for an athlete. It is customary to subdivide it into general physical training (GPP) and special physical training (SFP).

The purpose of the OFP is to achieve high performance. Its means are a variety of physical exercises (walking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, outdoor and sports games, gymnastics, weight training, etc.).

SFP is aimed at educating individual physical qualities, skills and abilities necessary in the chosen sport. It is carried out systematically and helps the athlete to prepare for the competition.

Its means are special exercises and elements of the chosen sport. The ratio of OFP and SFP in the process of sports training changes as sportsmanship grows, the proportion of SFP gradually increases. Depending on the qualifications of athletes, from 70% (in the initial period of preparation) to 30% (for athletes of the highest ranks) of training time is allocated for general physical training.

Technical training is aimed at teaching the athlete a system of movements corresponding to the characteristics of this sport.

Technical readiness (or in other words technical mastery) of athletes is characterized by what an athlete can do and how he can master the mastered actions. The first group of indicators includes: volume, versatility, rationality of technical actions that an athlete can perform. Secondly, efficiency, mastery of implementation (D.D. Donskoy, V.M. Zatsiorsky, 1979).

In structure technical readiness It is very important for an athlete to distinguish between basic and additional movements. The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively conduct a competitive struggle in compliance with the existing rules. Development basic movements is mandatory for the athlete. Additional movements and actions are secondary movements and actions that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. (Platonov V.N., 1986).

Tactical training. Tactical preparedness in the theory and practice of sports training, - writes Platonov V.N., - is understood as the ability of an athlete to competently build the course of the struggle, taking into account the characteristics of the sport, his individual characteristics, the capabilities of his opponents and the created external conditions.

The level of tactical readiness of an athlete depends on his mastery of the means, forms and types of tactics of this sport. The means of sports tactics are all techniques and methods of their implementation, forms - individual, group and team actions, types - offensive, defensive and contracting tactics.

Tactics relies on strategy, so A.Ya. Gomelsky in the book "Bible of Basketball" writes that the strategy is the main theoretical focus of the entire work of the team, which determines the means and methods of preparing for the main competitions. The four-year plan for preparing the USSR national team for the Seoul Olympics is the team's strategy in 1985-1988. The strategy provides for the management of the team in competitions.

Tactics is a part of the strategy that solves the main tasks of training, taking into account specific capabilities - the resources of the team, the characteristics of opponents, the conditions of the competition. All this determines the tactical and combination baggage of the team.

Mental training - is associated with the education of athletes in the process of training moral, strong-willed and special mental qualities.

Classes in various sports contribute to the formation of a specific structure of mental qualities, so A.Ts. Puni (1984) found that representatives of each sport have their own leading volitional qualities.

4. General physical training.

General physical training (GPP) is a process of improving motor physical qualities aimed at the comprehensive and harmonious physical development of a person.

Physical fitness contributes to an increase in functionality, overall performance, is the basis (base) for special training and achievement of high results in a chosen field of activity or sport. The following tasks can be assigned to the OFP:

1. to achieve a harmonious development of the muscles of the body and the corresponding strength of the muscles;
2. acquire general, endurance;
3. increase the speed of performing various movements, general speed abilities;
4. increase the mobility of the main joints, muscle elasticity; improve dexterity in a wide variety of (domestic, labor, sports) activities, the ability to coordinate simple and complex movements;
5. learn to perform movements without undue stress, master the ability to relax.

The achievement of physical perfection is associated with general physical training - the level of health and the comprehensive development of physical abilities that meet the requirements of human activity in certain historically established conditions of production, military affairs and other areas of public life. Specific principles and indicators of physical perfection are always determined by the real demands and conditions of society at each historical stage. But they also always have a requirement for a high level of health and overall performance. At the same time, it should be remembered that even a sufficiently high general physical fitness often cannot ensure success in a particular sports discipline or in various types of professional work. And this means that in some cases an increased development of endurance is required, in others - strength, etc., i.e. special training is required.

Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level of which has its own structure and its own specific features.

The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditional) physical fitness. As the level of physical fitness increases, the complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because neither in a day, nor in a week, a month, and sometimes even a year it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long process of formation of motor skills and abilities, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.

5. Special physical training.

(SFP) is a process that ensures the development of physical qualities and the formation of motor skills and abilities that are specific only to specific sports or specific professions, ensures the selective development of individual muscle groups that carry the main load when performing specialized exercises. The main means of special physical training are competitive exercises in "one's own" sport. The ratio of means and methods of general physical training and physical training depends on the individual characteristics of the athlete, his sports experience, the period of training and the tasks to be solved. The principle of unity is based on the fact that the body's adaptive reactions to loads are selective and cannot ensure the development of all the qualities necessary to show a high sports result. Each quality, depending on the biological structure of the movements used, on the intensity of the load, develops specifically. Deviation in one direction or another when using either specific means or general developmental physical exercises does not give the desired effect. The level of development of physical qualities is not the same for representatives various kinds sports .

The only correct solution to the issue of using general and special physical training is their reasonable combination at different stages of the training process.

At the initial stage of training, the basic physical training should prevail, regardless of the sport. The use of physical fitness equipment for versatile training is also necessary for high-class athletes. In different sports for OFP, various means specific to this sport are used. But at the same time, you can’t fall into another milking - use mainly specialized exercises, especially the same ones. This emotionally impoverishes the preparation process and, secondly, the body adapts to them - the result is the inefficiency of the training process.

Special physical training is very diverse in its focus, but all its types can be reduced to two main groups:

1. sports training;
2. professional-applied physical training.

Sports training (training) is the expedient use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which makes it possible to directly influence the development of an athlete and ensure the necessary degree of his readiness for sports achievements.

At present, sport is developing in two directions, which have a different target orientation - mass sport and sport of higher achievements. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, but there is no clear boundary between them due to natural transition parts of trainees from mass sports to "big" and vice versa.

The purpose of sports training in the field of mass sports is to improve health, improve physical condition and active recreation.

The goal of training in the field of elite sports is to achieve the highest possible results in competitive activities.

However, as regards the means, methods, principles of sports training (training), they are similar both in mass sports and in sports of the highest achievements. Fundamentally common is the structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and elite sports.

The structure of an athlete's preparedness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.

Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment significantly affects the content of the technical preparedness of athletes.

The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.

The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering the basic movements is mandatory for an athlete specializing in this sport.

Additional include minor movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate its rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.

Physical fitness is the ability of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the necessary level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.

The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, the technical methods necessary to implement the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, team).

Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. It is possible to distinguish two relatively independent and at the same time interrelated aspects in it: volitional and special mental preparedness.

Volitional readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a long-term goal), determination and courage (a penchant for reasonable risk combined with thoughtfulness of decisions), perseverance and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control one's thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may be inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training work and sports competitions.

In the structure of a special mental preparedness of an athlete, it is necessary to highlight those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:

1. resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;
2. kinesthetic and visual perceptions of motor actions and the environment;
3. the ability to mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
4. the ability to perceive, organize and process information under time pressure;
5. the ability to form anticipatory reactions in the structures of the brain, programs that precede real action.

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